TESCO Marketing and Financial Analysis

TESCO Marketing and pecuniary abbreviationJump to Marketing aggregate of TESCO SWOT Analysis of Tesco grind Analysis of Tesco gatekeepers 5 Forces Analysis of TESCOTesco gild obtained its name and begun its first operations in 1929 when Jack Cohen consolidated his small-scale business by connection forces with T. E. Stock comfortably. By 1939, Tesco owned a hundred practicable stores that were cushivirtuosod by its creative innovations both in wargonhousing and stock concord. Currently, there is both(prenominal) degree of affection that the mountain from the working class maintain for the fraternity and it can be traced back to the beginning of Second World struggle when the company was the first unrivalled to introduce food-rationing way before the government activity did. Tesco undertook its first expansion when it opened a store in Hungary in 1995. Other international expansions followed in 1990s and they take on expansion to Thailand, the res publica of Ireland , Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Northern Ireland, Taiwan, and S come onh Korea (Tesco Corporate, 2008).Tesco is now the Britains largest food retailer, employing over 240,000 people worldwide and has remarkable net yearly wages of over 1 billion. Tesco serves a total of twelve international commercializes, including a store in California in the linked States opened in 2007 as well as all areas of the United Kingdom. The company is head quartered in Delamare Rd. Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.Products and Services passTesco offers a broad range of products and run, spanning across several(prenominal)(prenominal) sectors and industries. Toscos retail outlets offer groceries, electrical and entertainment goods, mobile phones and accessories and clothing. Other products include those it offers in its direct business that provides former(a) categories of items handle Jewelries and watches, sound and vision, market place DIY and car maintenance sports and leisure toys and gifts home and bathroom baby and toddler and furniture and kitchen (Tesco Corporate, 2008).BrandsThe company has several brands including adminstore, dobbies Garden, rules of ordercard, cullens, harts, homever, kipa, Tesco, Tesco Express, Tesco extra store, Tesco homeplus, teco.com, Tesco.net, Tesco thermionic valve and ISP.The Marketing MixMarket orientation in coope evaluate satisfying the market through and through an fellow feeling and rejoinder to the local needs of the final and intermediate clients, competitors and the macro-environment ahead(p) to sterling(prenominal) performance.Tesco as been able to market blend through its emphasis on guest needs through its values philosophy no one tries harder for customers treat people how we handle to be treated. Which are disseminated through an intragroup marketing strategy by distributing the companys papers to its employees (Mockler, 2002). Another way Tesco has succeeded in market mixing is the use of its clu bcard loyalty card contrivance and websites like tesco.com. Through these, the company has been able to acquire a significant customer base, which an digest can be performed on. Clubcard significantly influence consumer behaviour in the UK and its closely integrated with the business processes and aligns with the brand and brand strategy.Tesco utilizes the use of online services to enhance its customer baffle. These include establishing a site that easy to use, faster, relevant, valuable, useful and enhance product development (Rowley, 2008). In addition, Tesco has developed other online products to touch smart customer needs like offering of music transfer and developing mart deli very(prenominal) services that includes wine and white goods.Tesco as well as use its product range to create stronger customer experience as a customer is able to purchase a range of products in a single store. In addition, online services strike been made easier w accordingly a customer takes the shortest time with least effort to complete and fiat creating better customer experience.Tesco uses technology to gather marketing information and planning. First, is the examine of clubcard to derive information required for customer database. Secondly, is the ability of customers to collect points through the scheme through transactions with various partners and the online services (Grant, 2005). Thirdly, is the data analysis process which Tesco has paid a lot of attention in its flesh thereof ensuring an adequate database, data currency, data equality and tight control of data analysis costs.Tesco another marketing mix is the their astute solvent to perceived opportunities and threats like entering UK market with express format in 1995 and by refining same format Tesco opened young coevals of express units which included pre-fabricated facilities.Tesco operate as the worlds leading internet grocer and runs financial services through a joint venture with the Royal lo dge of Scotland. Tesco utilises the technique of entering markets where competition is weak or fragmented hence there is no presence of established global retail giants (Hirsh, 2008). Tesco is very adaptable to its marketing strategies like the idea of not introducing the use of clubcard scheme in US newly opened stores since research found out that most consumer were cynical about the concept.SWOT Analysis(S)trengthsTescos readinesss in foodstuff retail allow it to compete easily with companies like Sainsbury, ASDA, and Marks Spencer. This has take to its brand name and financial bureau becoming strengths in themselves. This has guide to many more stores being built at home and abroad, leading to geographical strength. The introduction of Tesco Express and Tesco metro show led to strength in flexibility to increase market role.(W)eaknessesThe SWOT analysis of Tesco reveals several weaknesses that include great amount of fossil fuel that is being utilise in its transport net work. With an ever increasing oil worths,Tesco needs to slide by a close monitoring of its transport costs. Another weakness is the Tescos mellowed dependence on the UK market market, which is impact by political factors hence it is need to increase its foreign outlets and selling other goods.(O)pportunitiesThe main opportunities for Tesco, is in the online arena. Tesco has already had many online successes, having turned the Amazon threat into an opportunity by selling books at lower prices (Caves Porter, 1977). Tesco biggest problem in pursuing feasible opportunities is deciding exactly which ones to pursue and this is definitely a nice part to be.(T)hreatsPossible threats to Tesco include fluctuations in the stock market and tax increases. close companies worry about taxes, and have an objective of decreasing the tax burden. moreover probably the biggest threat is innovation and competition by other supermarkets, including Asda, Sainsbury, Morrison, and Waitrose. muser A nalysisPolitical factors Tesco operates in a globalize environment, as it owns stores in other countries hence its performance is highly influenced by the prevailing political and legislative conditions in these countries. Employment ordinances encourage retailers to provide a mix of job opportunities and in Tesco implementing legislations, it offers employment opportunities to a larger number of students, incapacitate and the elderly who are being paid at lower rates and callable to high staff turnover, these employees become loyal and desirable to the company (George, 1994).Environmental factors Considering the fact that in recent times successes of many retail dealers have been threatened by societal concerns regarding environmental issues Tescos corporate genial responsibility is bear on with the ways in which the organization is to exceed the lower limit obligations to other stakeholders specified through regulation and corporate governance. The government has a strategy in place that promotes sustainable issue and consumption to bring out on waste, bring down consumption of re witnesss and to minimize levels damage to the environmental (Heiens, 1990). This legislation has increased costs that are incurred on advertising highly refined and fatty foods. This directly affects the already adapted Toscos product ranges hence affecting relationships with both suppliers and customersSocial /cultural factors Tesco has increased the amount of non-food items that are gettable for sale as current trend indicate that as resolving of variable social changes most of British customers have moved towards one stop and bulk shopping.Customers function and social conditioning is reflected by the display case of goods and services they demand hence affect their attitudes and beliefs. Currently, customers are becoming cognizant of health issues and hence constant changing attitudes towards foods. Tesco has been able to adapt to the evolving product mix by accom modating the increased demand for organic foods.Thirdly, demographic changes as aging has led to increased working females resulting in reduced home meal preparation hence Tesco now focus on value-added products and services as well as adopting its own label share of the business mix.Technological factors This is a major variable that has influenced development of many Tesco products and these newly adopted technologies benefit the company and its customers by raising customers triumph through increased goods availability, availability of more convenient shopping experience and more personalized services. Tesco utilize the following technologies in its operations piano tuner Frequency Identification, intelligent scale, wireless devices, self-check out machine and electronic labeling (McGahan, 2004). In addition, communication of needs to customers in real time has been made realistic through the adoption of electronic point of Scale (EPoS), electronic scanners and the Electronic Funds Transfer Systems (EFTPos).Legislative factors Governmental intervention in regulation of some operation in the indus experiment through formation of bodies to charm the code of practices and the issues of monopoly. These legislations and policies directly impacts on the performance of Tesco, for instance the body concerned with Code of practice prevents the company from demanding payments from its suppliers and the privilege of changing agreed prices without incur (Yip, 2004). Also policies on monopoly (license requirements and limits to access raw materials) reduce buyers power and limits immersion in to the sector. For Tesco to implement politically correct pricing policies it has to lower price on promoted goods while compensatively raising prices on other goods.Economic factors sparing factors influence the companys costs, demand, price and profits thus highly influential factors like unemployment greatly decrease effective demand for goods affecting the demand of emp loyment of such goods. Most of these factors are out of control of the Tesco Company thus its effects on marketing mix if profound (Merrilees Fry, 2005). The company is therefrom reliant on intentional business, which yields greater profits to the company.Competitive Analysis Porters 5 ForcesBargaining power of suppliers This is a force represented by the power of suppliers that can be influenced by other major grocery chains and the fear of loosing their businesses to other well-established chains or supermarkets (Henry, 2008). To counter this force, Tesco and Asda have negotiated for better promotional prices from suppliers that the smaller chains cannot match with. Some of the UK-based suppliers are threatened by the growing ability of larger chins like Tesco to source their products from abroad at cheaper deals and hence this forces of competitive rivalry has reduced the profit margins if Tesco and other chains and suppliers.Threat of new entrants Most of UK grocery market is dominated by few supermarket business competitors and major brands from Tesco, Asda, Safeway and Sainsbury own a larger stake of the market. These chains have been able to signifier their power on one-stop shopping, major market mix adventure and on operate efficiency thus, greatly affecting traditional shops and creating a barrier to new companies who desire to enter the grocery market. This is possible through of high capital, due to highly developed chains and large fixed costs. In addition, other barriers include economies of scale and differentiation because of Tesco and Asda engaging in aggressive operational tactics in product development, promotion and better distribution. Tesco .Tesco has put Brobdingnagian investments in advanced technology for checkouts and stock control systems have affected both new entrants and existing ones.Bargaining power of competitors The sector of grocery retailing as been growing significantly both in market size and in dominance. There has b een an increased retailer concentration as well as utilization of a range of a range of formats. The purchasing power of the food-retailing industry is often concentrated in the turn over of a relatively small number of retail buyers. Tesco is accruing larger customer information to help it communicate with its customers as well as to try to satisfy their sophisticated demands. This highly competitive market has led to intensify level of development resulting to retailer innovativeness in order to maintain and build market share through development of trading formats in response to consumer changes. Dominant market leaders like Tesco have responded by focus on price and value while reinforcing added-value of their elements.Bargaining power of customers Porter theorized that the more products that become standardized or undifferentiated, the lower the switching cost, and hence, more power is yielded to buyers Porter M. (1980). Tesco has been able to achieve this through the use of its club card, loyalty card. It is the companys retention strategy which has increased its profitability. In addition, Tesco brands have controlled and contain its customer base through customized services, better choices, low pricing and maintaining a constant inflow of in-store promotions (Scott Graiser. 2004). Large number of customers demands to do shopping in supermarkets that sell non-food items hence providing them with new strategic expansion into other new market like pharmacies and banking sector. Most customers are now informed of medium trade and the influence of western consumers on the expectations and aspirations of third world producers. Finally, production of ecologically and ethically sound consumer produce like coffee and afternoon tea is a viable venture and are therefore readily operable in majority of chain stores.Threats of substitutes General substitution reduces demand of a product because there is a threat of consumers switching to other alternatives. (Porter, 1980). In grocery industry there is a product-product and substitute from need advertize weakened by new brands. Tesco and other players are now assay to acquire existing small-scale operations by opening metro and express stations in local towns and city centres.

Kierkegaards View On Faith And Knowledge

Kierkegaards View On Faith And KnowledgeKierkegaard, the sustain of existentialism, is often seen as a philosophical iconoclast, who rejects excessive formalism and kind of believes in the subjectivity of the autonomous soulfulness autonomy for him is the best blow over to what people should do honorablely and estimable motive could in its secrete change the separate to approach knowledge through opinion. This philosopher was thus often have-to doe with with the nature of trueness and knowledge especially in regard to articles of trustingness. It is ordinarily known that biblical Christianity is founded on the truths of Gods word. Kierkegaards claim that knowledge or truth can be hitd through subjectivity is therefore at offset glance incomprehensibly elusive. However, it should be taken into account that Kierkegaard is basing his ideas on a reprimand of Hegels approach to the nature of unquestioning knowledge. Hegel claimed namely that human beings could possess abs olute knowledge and matter of course through a cargonful and keen-sighted abbreviation of human existence. John Climacus, a 7th century monk, argued in his turn against this idea by noning that an acceptance of this approach would imply that knowing is more(prenominal) important for Christians than believing two acts that are very different at the core because of the qualitative difference amidst knowledge and faith. (Garrett) Kierkegaards major emphasis in this regard is that Christian life is founded on more than a simple belief in an orthodox doctrine. For this case, when Kierkegaard underlines the need for subjectivity to pertain knowledge he is merely claiming that all human beings must discriminate the truth of whatever they believe if it is truly to take hold of their lives. (Garrett). In short, Kierkegaard argues thus that a acute life is indeed a lesson life, and a moral life is a ghostlike life. Morality and ethics consequently inevitably lead to religion. Und er much(prenominal) a supposition, the ethical individual would surmise his task as becoming less the individual or detail and more the universal (JSTOR 161). The goal becomes the unification of the particular and the universal. Under much(prenominal) a unity, truth is revealed as truth is in what is ethical, and what is ethical is determined by reason.Contrasting Kierkegaards views with the Kantian approach to faith and knowledge enables also for a closer understanding of the philosophers ideas. To Kierkegaard is it not Kantian reason which leads to God but faith. One cannot make a rational end towards that which has no facts, no proof, and no induction. The ethical thrives on the certainty of truth through reason. The unearthly cannot have such a luxury. It is not rational stopping point-making, rather, it is faith. Kierkegaard refers to the transition from the ethical to the third stage as the rise of Faith. The Leap of Faith is the third stage in Kierkegaards theory of o vercoming the conundrum which is an apparently true statement that n 1theless leads to a contradiction in terms or a situation that goes against ones intuition. It can just now be resolved when the contradiction is shown as apparent. Kierkegaards story of Abraham exhibits such a paradox. Abraham could not prove he heard a voice yet he believed and was willing to assay his son based on this belief. Through Abrahams story Kierkegaard shows that the paradox of faith rests on the idea that the believer acts on less than complete knowledge. Kierkegaard believed however that humans ought to have faith by the virtue of the absurd, which is because something is contradictory at nature. (Kierkegaard)The leap of faith, that is often associated with the emergence of existentialism, is therefore Kierkegaards response to a task which is essentially Kantian in origin and structure. Kierkegaard wants to accommodate both the Kantian interpretation of righteousness as a rational command and Ka nts press on ethical motive as the sole point of access to religion, temporary hookup rejecting the Kantian moralization of religion and rationalization of faith. The leap of faith is not, as existentialism would have it, an absolute beginning in doctrine or in individual reflection but a transition from morality to religion within an essentially Kantian context. This point is not solitary(prenominal) of historical but also of systematic value. From the standpoint of Kantian philosophy its value lies in the attempt to establish a connection between morality and religion which preserves morality as a rational command but which also avoids the Kantian reduction of religion to morality and faith to reason. From the standpoint of Kierkegaards existentialists successors it advances the argument that morality understood as a rational command is that condition without which the subject can make no progress toward objective and universal truth, which leads to its avoidance of the separat ion of reason and alternative and ends consequently in subjectivism.Kierkegaard sees faith as the abandonment of all else forwards it in order to wholly accept it. One cannot coldly and rationally choose to accept faith because it has the greatest utility or merit. This would chill out be the ethical stage in unearthly clothing. The third stage, fit to Kierkegaard, needs passion to survive it needs the unknown, and the Leap of Faith. If the particular is not faithfully accepted but is rather critically scrutinized, then the religious stage will inevitably suffer the same fate of a moral dilemma that deprives the ethical stage from eternal happiness. According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage is spared only by the ethical paradox through faith. . It is arouse to note that while philosophers as Kant believe that morality and religion are one so the jump is seamless, Kierkegaard believes the step requires an evolution of supposition because one cannot move from a set of moral premises to a religious conclusion if morality, which is expressed conceptually, is understood as commands based on reason while religion, which is expressed paradoxically, is understood as promise based on faith (JSTOR 164).Kierkegaards views regarding the nature of rational knowledge attainment through faith rests thus on several principles as has been illustrated. The Leap of faith has been discussed. some other aspect to his ideas is the ethical individual as part of this complicated process. The ethical individual must be like a judge, closely and impartially evaluating all information and evidence presented before making an educated decision. The imaginativeness of the judge represents the epitome of rationalist ideology. He is a character which tries to check ethics with rational decisions. The judge seeks to distance his self from social dealings and personal desires so that he is like a force of nature. With such impartiality, he hopes that he can logically deduce the c orrect decision to any situation like an artificial intelligence. The judge attempts to watch the scales of relation merit and announce ones choice only after observing a clear tip in one direction. It is, the Judge might say, a foolproof method for determining which choice will produce the closely appropriate action (Friedman 160). Through such certainty, an ethicist could be utter to demystify the world. One who can act without doubt and knows exactly what decision to make. If a person was truly capable of such power, they could be tell to be making their self into that of the divine, with omniscient knowledgeIn conclusion, whereas as other theorists who argue against secular enlightenment, such as Immanuel Kant, would say that the individual has a logical inescapable path to religion based on factual reasoning, Kierkegaard disagrees. Kierkegaard soundly rejects such assumptions when he declaresI do not believe that Kant himself, or any of his successors, have managed to show that any overserious moral constraint can be derived from simply considering the conditions of rational agency. Nor do I think that this can be done. What follows rests on the premise that the Kantian project is a failure (Rudd 13).According to Kierkegaard, is it not rational thought or morality which leads to God, but rather faith alone. The ethical depends on certainty of truth through reason, but the religious cannot have such a luxury. They depend on the very suspension of reason and certainty of knowledge they depend on faith. This transition from the ethical to the religious is what Kierkegaard refers to as the Leap of Faith. The Leap requires one to accept that their capabilities alone are insufficient, and that only by placing their faith in God can they hope to achieve true knowledge.

Zero Based Budgeting Emerged To Overcome The Limitations Of Incremental Budgets Accounting Essay

Zero Based Budgeting Emerged To Overcome The Limitations Of incremental Budgets history EssayZero- found work outing emerged to overcome the limitations of incremental budgets. This approach requires that every activities ar reassert and prioritized before finiss are taken relating to the amount of options allocated to distributively activity. Besides adopting a zero- bagd approach zero-base budgeting also focuses on programmes or activities instead of functional surgical incisions based on line-items which is a feature of traditional budgeting. Programmes normally relate to assorted activities undertaken by municipal or government nerves.Zero-based budgeting works from the premise that project expenditure for existing programmes should start from base zero, with each years budgets cosmos compiled as if the programmes were being launched for the first time. The budgetees should present their requirements for appropriations in such a fashion that all funds squeeze out b e allocated on the flat coat of speak to-benefit or some similar kind of evaluative analysis. The cost-benefit approach is an blast to ensure value of money, it question long-standing assumptions and serves as a toll for consistently examining and perhaps abandoning any unproductive projects.Thats why more and more non-profit do organizations, including Oxfam Hong Kong, consider using Zero-based budgeting as an approach to judge a vanquish solution of the organizations.Background of Oxfam Hong KongOxfam Hong Kong is one of non-profit making organizations. It is an independent international reading and humanitarian organization working against poverty and related injustice. It recognized that much poverty is caused by injustice and that poverty alleviation requires economic, social and geomorphological change. It worked with people facing poverty and with partner organizations on development, humanitarian, policy advocacy and public education programmes.How zero-based budget ing could be used at Oxfam Hong KongMost organizations, including Oxfam Hong Kong, may use incremental budgeting arrangement for their budgetary process. However, this approach has a life-threatening drawback. The budgetary process for coming year usually uses previous budget storage tryst as a basis of allocation. That may incurred increase or decrease in budget for the coming year based on the budget allocation. It is because the fortune of allocation is without full examination of this allocation basis.Incremental budgeting system assumes that the situation will continue in the same way. Zero-based budgeting could be used to remedy this serious drawback in incremental budgeting system.The beat able activities in Zero-based budgetingTo use zero-based budgeting as an approach, some activities are very capable to use. For exampleLimited resource of laboursOxfam Hong Kong is a non-profit making organization that it is incessantly faced with limited resource of labours becau se major labours are volunteers that it often has non salaries. To organize an activity such as donation of poverty countries, it is a heroic project that it needs a lot of human resource. The allocation of resource is very important if the organization is faced with limited resource of labours. Zero-based budgeting shag efficiently allocate resource of each department. Zero-based budgeting will cook and evaluate decision packages of human resource and appropriate allocation by be of decision packages.Judgment of onus or in-houseOxfam Hong Kong always creates a lot of activities about the donation of poverty countries. To encourage more donations, the organization always produces some souvenirs to donators. The souvenirs are also a part of cost that Oxfam Hong Kong will be considered to produce by consignment or in-house processing. It is because Oxfam Hong Kong would belike choose inexpensive method. It is very suitable to use zero-based budgeting to the identification. Alth ough incremental budgeting system or activity-based budgeting tramp determine the cost of production by consignment or in-house processing, it only use department as a base which is less right than zero-based budgeting. It is because zero-based budgeting is based on activity which is more accurate than incremental budgeting system or activity-based budgeting.The advantages of Zero-based budgetingMore and more non-profit organizations choose Zero-based budgeting instead than Incremental budgeting for their decision making because Zero-based budgeting has following advantages which Incremental budgeting is ignored.Inappropriate activities are not undertakenTraditional budgeting trends to extrapolate the past by adding a percentage increase to the current year. Zero-based budgeting avoids the deficiencies of incremental budgeting and represents a move towards the allocation of resources by need or benefit. Thus, unlike traditional budgeting the level of funding is not taken for gran ted. For example, when Oxfam Hong Kong has limited resource such as labour hour, the allocation of resources is being very important. Then Zero-based budgeting can help Oxfam Hong Kong to select the best solution of the allocation by ranking of decision packages. Finally, inappropriate solutions are not adopted.Enhance penuryThe documentation of decision packages also leads to a deeper staff and management knowledge of all the operation and activities of the organization and can enhance communication, participation and therefore motivation. Oxfam Hong Kong can in in a flash motivate the staff. It is because all departments especially management department in Oxfam Hong Kong need to communicate with early(a) departments to make a consensus of the decision packages.Concerning value for moneyZero-based budgeting focuses attention on outputs in relation to value for money. Through this value for money approach, unable and obsolete operations are identified so that wastage can be elim inated and a more efficient allocation of resources to activities and departments can be achieved. Therefore, Oxfam Hong Kong can indirectly reduce the cost of selection of decision because the wastage is reduced and the allocation of resource is being efficient.Problem of Zero-based budgetingActually, no method is perfect. Zero-based budgeting also exists problems that Oxfam Hong Kong should be faced.More costly and time consumingThe preparation of decision packages can generate a great volume of paperwork especially for a large project or activity and will require a sizable management skill. Therefore, Oxfam Hong Kong should be provided more training and education about concepts of exercise of Zero-based budgeting to the management department because Zero-based budgeting must be clearly understood by managers at various levels to be successfully implemented. The running cost is directly increased. Also, Zero-based budgeting will requires gathering, analysis and evaluation of lar ge amounts of data that the management department faced with much workload and it is very time consuming.Problems of identifying ranking packages innate judgment and political pressure are unavoidable in ranking packages and allocation of resources and may create departmental conflicts. Different types and natures of activities across incompatible departments, particularly with qualitative rather than quantitative benefits, may give advancement to the problem of ranking. Oxfam Hong Kong is confused of the decision packages because it is difficult to define decision units and decision packages and sometimes subjective judgment is needed. Also, management may be exaggerated skews the results if it is unreliable. Then, the decision packages are became inaccurate.Relationship between management and staff deteriorationThe questioning attitude of zero-based budgeting is not always acceptable to staff or management because they may view it as a threat to their existing implied rights. For example, management department and accounting department have different ideas of decision packages. Each department does not agree with the other side ideas. The cooperation and motivation among the management and staff may deteriorate. Therefore, it may influence the relationship of each department in Oxfam Hong Kong.http//www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/accounting/zero-based-budgeting.phphttp//www.finweb.com/financial-planning/pros-and-cons-of-zero-based-budgeting.htmlhttp//www1.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/fm_nov07_p48-53.pdf

Learning about spelling strategy

Learning ab break recite dodge incoming recite strategies in the primary curriculum construct consistently make criticism and debate amongst t apieceers, Ofsted and the G everywherenment.1 Standards continue to decline highlighting that the present scheme is failing.2 A central criticism is that teachers do not have the necessity agnizeledge of the relationship betwixt word structure and fleck out, and rely on techniques they admitt at school, specifically the role of memorized spell tests. (Spear-Swerling, Brucker Alfano 2005). The major concerns ar that this ascend hinders the teachers susceptibility to identify the correct recite instructional level of person bookmans, and produces a trend where bookmans who worst high in tests go forth afterwards misspell the equal actors line during scripted exercises this is the deterrent example at my elect school.3The cay St suppurate 2 curriculum is similarly criticized both(prenominal) at the school and in genera l, because it fails to consistently describe how word lists atomic number 18 selected or base selection on circulating(prenominal) linguistic spell out principles and trainingal research. (Scott 2007). This may or may not be developmentally becharm for the class as a whole or for individual pupils, especially in the argona of fictive piece of music (Stone et al. 2005 p662).It forget be the utilisation of this learn to analyse and evaluate current theories and discipline studies for teaching spell and make-up at chance upon Stage 2 that could be utilized by the school. There are three dominant strands to teaching that pull up stakes be investigated here, suppurational Stage Theory, Incidental Inventive spell possibility and the Multi-sensory barbel.4 spell out Strategies An InvestigationDevelopmental Stage Theory identifies 5 decimal points of recite development Pre phonic, phonetic, Patterns with war crys, Syllable Juncture and importation-Derivation. (Henderson in Bear et al. 2004).5 Studies have discovered that pupils who hold out abbreviateifi firet difficulty with spell bequeath still follow the same developmental course as early(a) pupils, only at a slower pace. (Worthy Invernizzi 1990). The approach on that pointfore promotes a move away from committal to memory skills to supporting a pupils natural developing awareness of vocabulary with shape in wide interpretation and makeup, and be based on the pupils developmental level as opposed to unitary placement in the denounce level based spelling book. (Schlagel 2002 p.47).A developmental spelling psychoanalysis (DSA) such as the Qualitative Inventory of pronounce Knowledge (QIWK) technique is used to initially identify and analyse a pupils current portray with and through scoring, originative spellings and error patterns relating to piece of musical composition and word dissevering activities. Word sorts of increasingly difficult levels utilise actors line from th e 5 DTS stages are used because they tender an inter agile means of upholding pupils understand spelling concepts on an increasingly countermand level (Bear et al. 2004). Subsequent teaching, spelling and makeup exercises are tailored to both stage and development strategies by charge on fewer run-in in word sorts at a clock, teaching spelling patterns and providing numerous physical exercise paternity sessions and self/catch review strategies.6 Together they depart for a systematic observation of higher-level assistes and mend metacognitive abilities. (Seifert-Kessell in Fresch 2000). This approach moves away from the reliance of pupil committal to memory of words that is s support to produce impressive performance in spelling tests besides short(p) performance in musical composition, and over time, as pupils forget the words they have memorized. (Seifert-Kessell in Fresch 2000)The case study Beyond Memorisation, Lists and run Tests by Hillal Scharer is an excelle nt example of the DTS process. Using QIWK teachers were able to expand their judgment of KS1 KS2 equivalent pupils as spellers. One teacher discovered that her class ability ranged from levels 2-8 on the QIWK scale, another commented I lack to get better at recognizing what levels they are at. It only makes sense that if kids are at different teaching levels, they go forth be at different levels in their spelling. I dont know why I didnt credit this before. (Hilal Scharer 1993).The strategy does not just allow for effective grouping and targeted learnedness at the instructional level, it also provides a slender rule for qualitative data analysis in pupil errors over time. One teacher authenticated a concern that score levels had not improved between May and January, however, when the error data was analysed employ the QIWK method she discovered that over half were moving from the letter relieve oneself stage to the within-word stagethis is so much more(prenominal) plea sant, you good deal see growth, what more could you ask for? (Hillal Scharer 1993).A third and perhaps the most signifi posteriort development was that teachers noticed changes in spelling errors in written assignments. Rather than circling errors they cross-referenced with a QIWK analysis and systematically documented them. This inferred workweekly selections of word lists that were chosen from misspelled written work rather than the curriculum textbooks. This advanced mini-spelling lessons linked to written work through observed errors and provided an environment for coaching in self-editing and peer editing strategies utilise QIWK word sorts as a base. Peer scar and discussions have, themselves, provided an surplus strategy here that has been documented to eudaemonia pupils training. By grouping pupils of similar spelling ability they learn at the same pace, feel empowered and by judging the work of others, school-age childs gain insight into their possess performanc e (and manner of speaking)peer and self-assessment patron pupils develop the ability to make judgments, a necessary skills for learning.( Br have got, Rust Gibbs 1994). It will be seen throughout this chapter that peer work and assessment strategies lend themselves to the absolute majority of spelling strategies discussed, this will be discussed in more depth in the conclusion.The headteacher summarized theres been a move away from memorization activities to participating tasks such as notional authorship, word hunts and word study notebooks (this) extends and records development of word knowledge. (Hillal Scharer 1993). all the teachers involved in the study tell they would continue but ask support strategies from the school to implement, this a recurring theme for all researched case studies and will be therefore be discussed in the conclusion.A succeeding developmental case study entitled Using Think-Alouds During Word Sorts (Fresch 2000) back up KS2 level pupils to put your brain in your throat and tell us what you are thinkingkeep talking. The study was determined to open a window into the decision-making process because in set upion stored in the short-term memory is vocalized and caters for systematic observations of higher-level processes. (Olson, Duffy Mack in Fresch 2000). The results showed that think-alouds enable pupils to demonstrate the extent to which they rely on auditory or visual informationstudents develop knowledge about language through active difference. (Fresch 2000). 7 This in turn can be co-ordinated into the strategies pupils use magic spell writing rather than rely on writing and proof reading, the pupils can incorporate a vocal strategy linked to their experience of vocalise words during DST word sort exercises.While Stage Theory provides a basic template for describing student growth in spelling and writing it is criticized for a repeated emphasis of placing pupils in concrete groups with the assumption pupils f urtherance sequentially without moving back and forth when they encounter unfamiliar words. (Scott 2007). Studies by Siegler (1995) and Varnhagen (1997) have determine an Overlapping Wave Theory that incorporate stage development but allow for fluid movement between stages as they develop. This theory believes pupils possess and are able to use knowledge of phonology, orthography and morphology from an early age, but rely more strongly on strategies at different points in time. (Kwong Varnhagen 2005). Varnhagens case study examined pupil spelling for a KS 1-2 equivalent and identified the same strategies throughout.8 Their conclusion was that spelling progressed from errors representing the phonetic stage directly to correct spelling. (Scott 2007). The authors themselves are unsure of how this would compliment writing strategies but identify a link to the devil strategies that would allow for a better savvy of spelling stage development that would influence spelling strategies as a whole. (Kwong Varnhagen 2005 p.154).In opposition to DST is the Incidental Inventive Spelling approach developed by Montessori (1964) and Chomsky (1979). They observed that children draw up from an early age and in some cases before they begin to read. They inferred that an invented spelling approach to writing benefits learning because children learn best if they construct a system of their own rather than having it handed to them by an adult.(Chomsky in Metasala Ehri 1998 p.300). Treimann (1993) echoed Chomsky and Montessori by conducting a year long study where pupils used invented spelling in their writing, then recopying it with quantity spelling and finally victimization for reading practice. It was discovered that the pupils spelling and writing both improved. (Treimann in Metasala Ehri 1998).In a case study by Clarke (1988) pupils at an early KS2 level using originative spelling out performed fellow pupils in two separate spelling tests, one involving low-frequen cy words. These results argue encouraging children to invent spelling while eng time-worn in creative writing helps them to appreciate language comprehension. (Clarke in Metasala Ehri 1998 p.305). Ehri continues to argue that it does not hurt children to misspell words and they do not become locked into misspelling behaviour. An additional discovery was that pupils often do not proof read their own writing and even when they do it takes multiple readings to learn its spelling. By using inventive spelling techniques the inventive group correctly spelled a big variety of words than the control group. (Metasala Ehri 1998 p.305). Further studies by Ehri, Gibbs and Underwood (1988) and Bradley and top executive (1992) discovered that pupils beginning Key Stage 2 who were exposed to inventive spelling techniques were more accurate than their counterparts. (Metasala Ehri 1998).Although pupils in these studies were beginning a Key Stage 2 level of education the strength of the study f ocuses on the ability of pupils to maintain ownership of their creative writing. The teacher remains a facilitator rather than a director. Read (1986) believes writing is part of a childs gambling with language and the specific activities must grow out of a childs refershe is apt(predicate) to direct herself rather than march to an adult drummer. (Read 1986 p.125). The inventive studies have highlighted two areas of interest, firstly is the level of play pupils maintain through writing which could caterpillar tread to better performance. A study by Gerritz in Read confirms that there was a explicit improvement in pupils writing ability. They were clearly at ease and eager to write. They didnt show some(prenominal) more bad spelling habits than had been experienced throughout long time of teaching. (Gerritz in Read 1986 p.125). An enjoyment of writing is perhaps viewed as secondary to spelling performance in the KS 2 strategy and there could be a link between poor spelling perf ormance in writing and the rigidity of spelling strategies. Secondly, the studies have highlighted the in-ability of pupils at this level to identify spelling mistakes in writing. A doable link could be made to the peer-support strategies outlined in the DST studies where-by pupils creatively write first and then, together in QIWK determined groups, analyse the mistakes.There is a third approach relating to a learning styles strategy. Though a combination of neurology, Gardners multiple intelligence and subsequent learning styles theories there are numerous teaching strategies that focus on multi-sensory learning techniques that can cause on the tralatitious spelling lessons.Using neurological evidence Ott (2007) suggests a bank bill between dominant left and right brain learning styles. leave brain learners could focus on speech and language through learning word patterns through sound and rhyme, using mnemonics in analysis, logic and language skills, counting syllables and u sing word derivatives.9 Right brain learners would focus on visual and spatial skills such as clapping to count syllables, using colour when they identify words, using a computer keyboard and graphic packages, and using mnemonics with illustrations.10Gardners theory of multiple intelligences expounds the techniques to include three dominant learning styles that can be incorporated into the classroom.11 Visual learners could benefit from learning to spell through images, diagrams, mindmaps, media and spelling through analogy and word patterns. The traditional Fernald Method of pronunciation, identification, the suggestion of difficult spellings, and writing from memory would especially suite these types of learners. (Ott 2007).Auditory learners could benefit from listening, song, poem, music, rhythm and oral testing. This directly relates to The Simultaneous Oral Spelling (SOS) method that involves pupils sounding out letters, whilst an other pupil asks them to give the letter call as he/she spells the word. Although a basic phonographic technique there is strength for auditory learners to benefit. (Westwood 2005). There is an prospect to combine with the ARROW method (Aural-Read-Response-Aural-Written). The pupil listens to a recording of single words while simultaneously reading the same words. Oral and written responses via testing allow for a multi-sensory approach to learning words that advance the traditional memorization technique with a better-suited learning style. (Westwood 2005). Kinesthetic learners could utilise note-taking and physical activities such as deterrent example building and play to further enhance the learning experience. (Ott 2007). Although there is a lack of definite case studies relating these methods to the relationship of spelling and writing, they do provide a framework for multi-sensory learning that have the potential to be incorporated into the other methods discussed. Pupils (and teachers) could benefit from the awarene ss of their learning styles and the multi-faceted approaches to learning offered here.The Directed Spelling Thinking Activity (DSTA) developed by Dr Zutell (1989-1991) provides a detailed lesson format utilizing multi-sensory techniques and a process-orientated cycle of instruction that especially suits language learning. (Zutell 1996). This strategy is aimed at systematically connecting to the writing process with a child-centered, active approach to learning.(Zutell 1996).An initial pretest with contrasting words is given, followed by a group discussion steering on strategic problem-solving activities. The next day a word sort is initiated that attentions pupils to discover the relationships between contrasting word patterns. by means ofout the week pupils make connections to their own experiences and take greater control of their learning as they hunt for words, sort words with partners and individually, and use a pupil-chosen selection of practice written activities centered upon identifying patterns and relationships. (Zutell 1996).Word sorts are again utilized providing a link to the DTS strategy. In this case they are based on teacher and student selected single words and multiple sorts of semantic and orthographic definitions. To enhance learning they are sorted both visually and blind, where decisions are made after each word is said, but before it is seen. They are also initiated through group, partner and individual practices to facilitate pupil relationships. The benefits stated here are that pupils notice important features of words being studied, and it can contribute significantly to proofreading abilities. (Zutell Compton 1993). Zutell Compton go to great lengths to describe the positives of word select activities. To summarise, they identify the manipulative strengths of movement and rearrangement, the ability to respond to emergent patterns, to facilitate peer support and learning, identify conceptual categories and word memberships and to move beyond individual pronunciation, pattern and convey to the interconnectedness of words. Once verity is formal they can sort on their own and speed sort to look internalized, automatic control. (Zutell Compton 1993).Word hunting activities are also identified as effective in creating a sense of ownership in decision-making and to recognize the relevance of what is being studied to their own reading and writing. It is documented to aid the individualization of word lists from the pupils own writing and to the instructional level of the pupil that once more forms a link to the DTS method. (Zutell 2005). Other strategies sensible are Flip Folders for independent spelling strategies, specifically the Look-Say-Cover-See strategy discussed primarily in relation to multi-sensory learning. Word Study Notebooks are identified as a writing alternative to the traditional Word Journal because they are conceptually challengingpupils enter words by patterns, such as ch words or vow el-consonant-silent e words. upstart words and pages are added as bracing patterns are studies. (Zutell 2005).Games, and specifically board games (i.e. Scrabble), are determined to keep interest high and allow for pupils of all spelling ranges to compete against each other on an equal footing. This provides an anti-thesis to the DTS theory and cooks a space for settings and grades to be negotiated in favour of a whole class approach that could build confidence and motivate peer-support. An additional benefit is that pupils must check the accuracy of each others spelling which creates an opportunity for higher learning through an active and fun setting. (Zutell 2005).A final weekly test provides information for both the teacher and for self-evaluation, serves as a guide for journal building, and leads to choices of words for afterlife studies. (Zutell 1996). The benefit of the entire strategy is that it is a child-centered, active, multi-sensored and personalized yet peer-support ed strategy that benefits spelling, reading and writing. (Zutell 2005).12 In addition Zutell claims that this strategy greatly enhances Vygotskys understandings of social engagement by facilitating learning through creative collaboration and learning, mutual annexation and the enhancement of learning through the zone of proximinal development.(Zutell 2005). This could be said to be true for any of the group-orientated strategies here pointing to a belief that rote memorization should be exchanged for a creative group approach that facilitates both ownership and peer supporting strategies, especially in creative writing exercises.Conclusion Considerations for curriculum implementationAny change to teaching practices will have an impact on a myriad of sources. Teachers and subject coordinators will face the challenge of additional training and the procurement of clean resources, pupils will require greater initial theatrical production and parents will require educating themselves o f the new approach and there may be resistance. This combined effort is traditionally perceived by many teachers as too expensive and time consuming. There are, however, documented strategies that can work.INSET opportunities provide staff with the opportunity to develop new skills and focused teamwork. The subject coordinator can simultaneously create new teaching strategies. Together they can navigate the criticisms that have been documented in the introduction by think on learning language structure, perhaps even through the same active techniques as their pupils as they construct the scheme-of-work.During research for this study there were numerous websites identified that provided broad lesson-plans and schemes-of-work relating to all methods discussed here, especially the DTS and DSTA. The classroom resources required for creative writing exercises, word sorts, games, folders and word charts, could also be created by the pupils themselves, facilitating coordinated teamwork b etween Art and English departments. This would allow for an active approach to learning for the pupils and plus a sense of ownership. It also provides a space for simultaneous scaffolding and creative learning across the curriculum, providing a more whole-school approach to spelling in general and the language arts as a whole. The use of free resources and pupil created teaching aids can, therefore, successfully navigate any budgetary requirements.Included in Appendix D is an example of a marking glossary that was designed by a spelling teacher during the move away from memorized spelling tests. She admits the creation of a new rubric was time-consuming but her response to the effort is positive, inspiring and particularly effective in creative writing exercises. (Loeffler 2009). This highlights that committed teachers cannot only achieve success but that there is support available via the Internet. Also included in Appendix E are teacher/parent responses to new marking rubrics a nd the shift to the DTS method during the case study Beyond Memorisation. The case study exemplifies and clarifies how concerns by both parties were successfully navigated with positive results. There is a particular focus on the impact of a move from traditional weekly grading scores given to parents to a more detailed progressive report that is produced through a combination of DTS and writing strategies.What all of these strategies have discovered is that there are numerous alternatives to the traditionally memorization technique. The DTS, DSTA and Incidental Writing strategies have especially identified functional practices that aid the pupil in correct spelling during creative writing exercises. Throughout this research it has become apparent that my chosen school is not an isolated case in the difficulty of producing correct spelling in both tests and creative writing. It is a nationwide problem that clearly identifies that current spelling strategies are not sufficient and t hat there is a need for more active, creative, multi-sensory teaching techniques and practices within the KS2 curriculum. There is no technique that has been identified as superior, however, throughout this study there were numerous instances where strategies overlap and doctor for each other. It is clear that used together strategically they can enhance both a pupils spelling in all areas and enhance the creative writing experience. The additional use of peer-support structures provide a chance for a move away from grading and sets to a whole-class teamwork based learning experience.ReferencesBear, D. Invernizzi, M. Templeton, S. Johnston, F. (2004) haggle Their Way Word Study for Phonics, Vocabulary and Spelling Instruction New Jersey Pearson EducationBrown, S., Rust, C. and Gibbs, G. (1994) Involving students in the assessment process, in Strategies for Diversifying Assessments in higher(prenominal) Education Oxford Oxford Centre for Staff DevelopmentClaire, J. (2004) 200,000 pupils cannot read at seven. http//www.telegraph.co.uk/ news show/uknews/3304750/200000-pupils-cannot-read-at-seven.htmlClark, L. (2009) Why Childrens Spelling is Going Downhill http//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-98156/Why-childrens-spelling-going-downhill.htmlFresch, M. ((2000/2001) Using think-alouds to probe decision making during spelling word sorts Reading Online, 4(6) http//www.readingonline.org/articles/art_index.asp?HREF=/articles/fresch/index.htmlHillal, G. Scharer, P. (1993) Beyond Memorisation, Lists and Trial Tests Exploring the Influence of Teacher Knowledge of Developmental Spelling on pedagogical Decisions. http//www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true_ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED364870ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=noaccno=ED364870Hinds, D. (2004) SATS thrown back over Hadrians wall http//www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=2054617Kwong, T. Varnhagen, C. (2005) Strategy Development and Learning to Spell New Wor ds Developmental Psychology No.41 pp.148-159 literacyencyclopedia.ca/index.php?fa=items.show228Loeffler, K. (2009) No More Friday Spelling Tests Council for Exceptional Children www.teachingld.org/pdf/teaching_how-tos/spelling_tests.pdfMetsala, J. Ehri, L. (1998) Word Recognition in Literacy Philadelphia Lawrence EribaumOtt,P. (2007) How to handle Spelling Successfully London RoutledgeRead, C. (1986) Childrens Creative Spelling London RoutledgeSchlagel, R.C. (2002) schoolroom Spelling Instruction History, research and Practice Reading, Research and Instruction Vol.1 render 42 pp.44-57Scott, C. (2000) Principles and Methods of Spelling Instruction Topics in terminology Disorders Vol.3 introduce 20 pp.66-82Scott, R. (2007) Spelling research Classroom Implications Encyclopedia of Language and Literacy Development http//literacyencyclopedia.ca/index.php?fa=items.showtopicId=230Smith, M. (2008) Howard Gardner and doubled Intelligences http//www.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htmSp ear-Swelling, L. Brucker, P. Alfano, M. (2005) Teachers literacy-related knowledge about English word structure Annals of Dyslexia Vol.53 pp72-103 http//www.southernct.edu/publications/facbib/S/spear-swerling.htmStone, C. Silliman, E. Ehren, B. Apel, K. (2005) The Handbook of Language and Literacy Development and Disorders Guilford Guilford PressTempleton, S. Morris, D. (1999) Questions Teachers Ask About Spelling Reading Research Quarterly Vol.34, No.1 pp.102-112Westwood, P. (2005) Spelling improvementes to Teaching and Assessment Camberwell genus AcerWorthy, M. Invernizzi, J. (1990) Spelling Errors of Normal and Disabled Students on the Achievement Levels One Through Four Instructional Implications Annals of Dyslexia Issue 40 pp.138-151 Springer light Business MediaZutell, J. (1996) The Directed Spelling Thinking Activity Providing an Effective difference in Word Study Instruction The Reading Teacher Vol.2 Issue 50 pp.98-108 http//www.reading.org/General/Publications/J ournals/rt.aspx?mode=redirectZutell, J. (2005) A Student-Active Learning Approach to Spelling Instruction http//www.zaner-bloser.com/educator/products/spelling/index.aspx?id=4820view=articleZutell, J. C. Compton. (1993) Learning to spell in the elementary grades The knowledge base for effective teaching constitution presented at the annual meeting of the International Reading Association, San Antonio, TX. journals.cambridge.org/production/activeness/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid1 David Bell, chief inspector of Ofsted was interviewed by The Telegraph in 2004 and stated the governments architectural plan for literacy teaching at primary level is confused.many teachers are given some no training in teaching children how to spell. (Claire 2004).2 A 2002 review of Key Stage 2 statistics stated accuracy in spelling has declined. (Driscoll in Hinds 2004).A 2009 review of national tests stated the ability of children to spell has declined. Pupils aged between 11-14 made more spelling erro rs than they did in 2000, four years into a scheme to ensure primary pupils have daily literacy minute of arc lessons among 7 year olds spelling tests improved slightly even though heads complained the spelling tests were too hard. (Daily Mail 2009)3 The school is still reliant on spelling lessons characterized by the use of Basel published weekly lists of words, written exercises focusing on menorisation and two weekly tests at the beginning and end of each week.4 Developmental stage theory recommends spelling be taught systematically in relation to individual development. Instruction is based on identified student needs as they progress through the developmental stages.The incidental inventive writing approach, which advocates teaching spelling as the need arises in student writing throughout the school day.The multi-sensory approach focuses on the theory of learning styles and multiple intelligences to identify the best strategy to teach individual pupils. (Schlagel 2002)5 Phone tic is the true beginning of alphabetic writing and reflects some understanding of phoneme-grapheme correspondences),Patterns at heart Words (deeper understanding of orthography (the visual written form).Syllable Juncture (the abstract conceptualization of the spelling system, focuses on the place within words where syllables meet, and an understanding of spelling changes when inflectional endings are added to root/base words (plurals, onetime(prenominal) deform marker, present progressive verb endings, other spelling concepts that are grasped at this stage include possessive forms and contractions).Meaning-Derivation (concentrates on the morphological connections (coding words by the parts of words that signal meaning and grammar) in English orthography. Students learn that in written English, words that are related in meaning (sharing a common root) are usually spelled similarly, even if they are articulate differently. (Scott 2007). Please see Appendix B for a complete trans lation of the 5 stages.6 QIWK itself consists of eight progressively complex stages of word lists and spelling patterns relating to DST. Word lists and word sorts match the developmental stage with after stages (Syllable Juncture Meaning Derivative stages) involving morphological principles such as base and derived forms and word origins.7 This flavor of think-aloud strategies form an interesting link to the multi-sensory approach that will be explored later in the chapter. (See Appendix C for detailed examples of word sorts and pupil responses.)8 The study analyzed childrens spelling of silent -e long vowels and different types of -ed past tense words for signs of a strong developmental progression of qualitatively distinct stages from semi phonetic to phonetic to transitional to correct spelling over time. (Scott 2007).9 Ott offers the following examples sounding word patterns such as the ight sequence in light, bright, fright and might. Mnemonics such as our dear mother uses gr eat hardiness and vigour for every Endeavour. Syllable counting such as /mag/ni/fi/cent and /won/der/ful. Word derivations such as signature derived from sign or automatic derived from auto. (Ott 2007 p.106)10 Ott explains the use of a computer keyboard will aid learning because they can utilise motor memory to remember hitch placement and visual memory to memorise patterns. Graphics packages will help remember pictures and associate letter patterns with pictures. (Ott 2007 p.106).11 Gardners multiple intelligence theory identifies 7 intelligence types linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal and intrapersonal. (Smith 2008)12 Case Study results were difficult to obtain but Zutells work has been endorsed by The International Reading Association, The National Council of Teachers of English and The Language Arts and Reading Company. This highlights the perceived effectiveness of his approach and justifies inclusion here.

Gasoline Dependence Essays -- Environment, Carbon Emissions

For over 100 years, the automobile industry has relied on gasoline as its main etymon of enkindle. Gasoline is a colorless, highly flammable join phthisisd in internal combustion engines. It is a fossil fuel made from crude oil, a natural gas formed from the the Great Compromiser of ancient plants and animals (Websters Dictionary). Gasoline has positively influenced our way of life by providing convenient, on demand transportation. It has created a global economy that moves people and goods straightaway and more easily than ever imagined (Povey 12). Although a seemingly perfect shopping center, it has singular flaws. The tremendous political, environmental, and economic problems resultant from the excessive theatrical role of gasoline leads to the closing that the automobile industry should not continue to rely on this source of fuel.Environmental RisksWhen the problems with gasoline use are considered, the catastrophic environmental personal effects are the primary concern . Automobile use consumes 70 percent of the unify States oil supply and is responsible for one-third of the nations carbon copy emissions (Lovins 173). This results in pollution, global warming, and health problems for the people, plants, and animals. The search for alternative fuel is cater by the increasingly evident environmental problems and long-term health of the major planet (Povey 17). Fortunately, reducing emissions globally is predicted to have a positive effect and commencement ceremony previous harms (Backer).As years pass and demand for gasoline increases, it is inevitable that the existences oil supply will not live on forever. This idea is made increasingly clear by evidence of peaking. eyeshade yield is the point in time when about one-half of the worlds oil supply will be gone. Oil production in a given ... ...Africa, simply to ensure a sweetie supply of oil for the States. Finding an alternative fuel would be a lot safer, and much less expensive. Alterna tive fuels also do not storage a war against America. By paying for such large amounts of oil, America is funding both sides of the Islamic war Middle East countries use American money to fight (Hobson). Alternative fuels allow America to wait to themselves and avoid conflict.Gasoline is thought to be a helpful substance to all countries worldwide. However, the negative effects are far greater than the positive. A diversity of clean fuels is vital for the political, environmental, and economic health of America. Although gasoline is a product depended on by the United States of America and many new(prenominal) countries, the negative effects are unbearable, dangerous, and unnecessary due to the opportunity to use alternative fuels.

New England vs. the Chesapeake :: essays research papers

Hello my pattern is Alma Castro, I am 16 years old and I am now attending Skyline High School for the Child forethought Cluster. I live with my mum, dad, 1 sister (Cynthia who is 14), and 2 brothers (Alfredo 12 and Eduardo 9) in a house in Oak Cliff. My house is ab push through 5 minutes from downtown D eachas. My family and I enjoy going to the movies, the park, and going out to eat as a family. But this is only the beginning of what I am to the highest degree to tell you about my life.I was born on October 25, 1988 in the Mexico in the City of Juarez. I only lived in Mexico for about 3 years but while I lived there my mom give tongue to I gave her the biggest scare of her life. She said that when I was about a year and six months I got out of the house and went to a dwells house to bestow without her knowing. When she started to look for me and couldnt find me she got scared, then on the whole my uncles noticed and so they started to help her. She said that after feeling for about an hour I came out from that house like zero had happened. Then on June 20, 1991 my low sister was born. My mom said that when my little sister was born I became genuinely responsible and helpful. She also said that I was very calm and happy all the time. Then in June 1992 we moved to Dallas with my aunt and 3 older cousins. Living with my aunt was all right we had our good and bad times we were all bunched up in a small house in Duncanville. A couple of months afterwards we moved to a bigger house in the same neighborhood. Our next-door neighbors were very nice they really made us feel welcomed. Living at this house I started preschool. I went to a school that was only 4 blocks from the house, so my mom use to take my 2 younger cousins, our 2 neighbors (who by the way are twins), and me to school walking. I remember that when we all go home from school we would all go outside and play in the backyard. Then in May 27, 1993 my brother Alfredo was born so my dad decided to get a house of our own.

American Values :: essays research papers

Values Of US CultureBoth articles, America 2000 Fast and fantastic Fun by Jerry Adler and Shopping by Don DeLillo, examine variant things that Americans value as a society. It may seem at outgrowth that articles be quite different, given the content variations, however, in that location is a similitude in purpose that authors are trying to achieve and the audience that they target. Clearly, both authors take a look at what is available to people in the US in terms of fun and enjoyment, trying to address a younger portion of middle class Americans. In their own ways, Addler and DeLillo cross-file various aspects of American live in all its richness, wealth and excessiveness. However, there is a hidden message between the lines that is common to both articles and it emphasizes a troubling trend within the society. In my opinion, authors attempt to show that US as a culture has become highly commercialized and at the rate thing are going US will before long be viewed by the wo rld as unintelligent, exuberant, and irresponsible nation.The current entertainment and consumer retail industries in the US are the biggest insult to basic humans intelligence. Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week mediocre American is being target by unavoidable and annoying commercials from TV, radio, Internet, road billboards, etc. Brought by large corporations, they are intended to brainwash the individualistic and turn him/her into a loyal brainless consumer of the product that is offered. Fake progressions, high-flown openings and other tricks are designed specifically for these who refuse to become believers respectable away. For example, how many times one can hear a promotion slogans like Free set of floor mats with every current railcar purchase or Free mouse pad with every new computer purchase, etc. In my opinion, this is a clear attri alonee of companies seeing nothing but a crowd of morons in their consumers. Jack, the main character of Shopping, finds himself in a store and interprets the echoing uproar as of the extinction of a species of puppet. In other words, the shopping purlieu is like a variety of traps set by some beast ready to hunt you down. While shopping, Jack thinks of an event as an sempiternal well being that makes him and his family glory. Reflecting mirrors, smells of chocolates and salamis defeat Jacks sense of reality. incomprehensible inside he may feel that he is being fooled but in spite of that he chooses to quietly participate because the beast traps are too flashy to pass on.

Avalanches :: essays research papers

Avalanche Testing and Safety exsanguinous soft fluffy cytosine, hard to imagine something so innocent could be so destructive. Just picture a few tons of snow traveling down the skunk at approximately 80 miles per hour, taking down e verything in its path. Avalanches give birth been a threat as great as there has been snow and mountains. Since Im an avid backcountry skier it is beta to learn about these life threatening snow masses. So in order to protect yourself from anything you must first learn how it works.First bump off there is three main components to an avalanche, without them you cant have an avalanche. They go as follows 1) snow 2) slope 3) snow instability. Secondly, there are deuce harmings of avalanches slab and loose snow. Loose snow are minor and unremarkably never exceed 20 miles per hour. While slab avalanches are the destructive and deadly mountain slides. It is not uncommon for one of these to destroy a small townspeople or forest. Since loose snow avala nches arent very dangerous, I impart discuss slab avalanches. The fundamentals of how these snow masses occur, what to look for when testing and right all-together prevention.The basic chemistry behind a slab avalanche is when one grade of snow does not bond to the layer below it. Any kind of temperature change, fresh snowfall, the weight of a person, all can cause the slab to violate free from the lower layer. The formation of a slab is possible in more ways. One way is for the snow to develop a novelty and therefore there be more snowfall. Since snow doesnt bond to the crust it becomes a potential for an avalanche zone. Another way is for surface canescent to develop, or large ice crystal on the snow. This is usually caused by condensation on the snow surface. This will also have scummy bonding characteristics, and cause for a potential slide. The crystal itself is also very stable and will stay in that formation until melted usually. Slab avalanches usually only occur be tween 35-45 degree slopes and on a saucer-shaped slope. There are ways possible to test for an avalanche zone. These tests have been developed over the years by ski patrollers, avalanche safety, and flavour mountaineers. Make sure whenever performing an avalanche test you are not in an area where you could possibly trigger or be in the path of an avalanche.The most common test to use is the shear test.

The La Jolla Project :: Architecture Architectural History Essays

The La Jolla taskThe presence of the olden is ein truthwhere. unrivalled does not have to look very far to realize that the past has quite an influence on the cave in. In fact, there are a few examples of modern works of art at the University of California, San Diego, that bring to object architectural works of the past. One such example is the La jolla Project, which is a collection of stone blocks on top of a hill on the Revelle College lawn south of Galbraith Hall. The isolated groups of blocks refer to architectural elements such as columns, posts, lintels, windows, and doors plainly the collection, as a whole, resembles a modern reconstruction of Stonehenge. The La Jolla Project and Stonehenge differ from each other in many ways, but they excessively share some striking silmilarities that are constant reminders that the past is very much a part of modern life.The La Jolla Project is the terce work in the Stuart Collection, which is a group of site-specific sculptural wor ks at the University of California, San Diego. The La Jolla Project was installed by Richard Fleischner and was completed in 1984. The Project consists of 71 blocks of pink and colorise granite (Stuart Collection 5). All the blocks are rectangular in shape and range from about 3 to 15 feet in length. The stones were quarried in New England and cut near Providence, Rhode Island, where the artist lives (Stuart Collection 6).Unlike the La Jolla Project, Stonehenge was probably not an abstract sculptural installation made of beautify granite blocks. Stonehenge was built starting in 3100 B.C.E.(Encyclopedia Brittanica 287). The builders used mostly sarsen, a gray sandstone. Bluestones, or blocks of bluish dolerite, were also used. The number of stones used is unknown because the present structure of Stonehenge is the product of at least four major building phases. The stones have endured many centuries of rough weather and erosion.Stonehenge is located on capital of Zimbabwe Plain in Southern England. Although it is not the largest henge (circle of stones) of the Neolithic Period, it is a uncommon site because it is one of the most complicated megalithic sites. Stonehenge was repeatedly reworked from 3100 to 1500 B.C.E. (Encyclopedia Brittanica 287). individually new major building phase added new elements to the site. The present-day location at Stonehenge is the result of the last building phase which ended most 3,500 years ago.

de-colonization :: essays research papers

After the polish off of the Second World War in which, to Britain, it was nearly a double over of the First World War that Britain had experienced the same things as the aftermaths. The war put severe strains on her economic resources as well as the undermining of her export markets. Even though Britain had won the war, the impingements on Britain afterwards were non always positive, in that, as every unity know, war created tragedy. It did not make any good to anybody, even the winner. The victors also had to spend expenditures on reconstructing the destructive infrastructures. bullion was not the only main factor that was primarily used to set up the whole society, but it took time as well. After the war, a certain country may have to lose somewhatthing she did not intended to kindred in cuticle of the Britain that though she won the Second World War, unexpectedly, she had to breach freedom to her colonials. Why was that?As a result of a war, as I have mentioned, it d efinitely created a huge negative impact on a certain country as in this case of the Britain, a post war condition was so bad that some of the right-wing historians have condemned the whole war effort as ineffectual and as a major cause to responsible for an upcoming ulterior British economic. (www.fordham.edu)After the discontinue of the World War II, the Britain succumbed to an illusion that she could confront in a status of one of the worlds sterling(prenominal) superpowers, because at that time, she still possessed a huge empire as well as a fairly good relationship with the linked States of America, a country that always achieved a status of the worlds superpower. Both of these countries were also shared a good partnership in the Cold War as well. As a consequence, Britain still considered herself as one of the major countries that can influence the world affair as Ernest Bevin , the Foreign Secretary of Britain after 1945, did. His purpose was to remain Britain as one of the three major powers like the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Ernest Bevin was prepared to strain the British economy to breaking point. By 1950 Britain still had an army of 900,000 men, something unheard of in peacetime, and she spent 14 per cent of her gross national product on defense (Pugh, 1999 220)

Suicide as the Best Option in Kate Chopins AwakeningSuicide as the Bes

self-annihilation as the Best Option in Kate Chopins Awakening The Awakening, written by Kate Chopin, was considered controversial at the time it was first published in 1892 because of its big sexual context. In fact, the critics of that era wrote in newspapers and magazines about the novel its not a healthy book, sex fiction, we are well fulfil when Ms. Pontellier deliberately swims to her death, an essential vulgar story, and unhealthy introspective and morbid (Wyatt). Edna, the chief(prenominal) character, engages in sexual relationships outside of marriage. These encounters reveal true sexual passion to Edna, which she did not receive at home with her husband. As a yield of these experiences Ednas ability to continue living in a unloving marriage dwindles, and she eventu solelyy commits suicide. Although Edna had other options such as divorce, remaining in a loveless marriage, or simply deserting her family, suicide is most viable. genius alternative, a separation, could have been hard to accomplish for Edna because of the male-dominated society that she lived in. However, it was a accident. In fact, an author by the name of Charlotte Perkins Gilman received a divorce from her husband, Walter homburg, precedent to the creation of The Awakening. Through serious bouts with depression Gilmans marriage to Stetson became a struggle, and her divorce was granted in 1894. Stetson received time lag of their daughter Katherine. Similarly, Edna would have probably lost custody of her children, but she give tongue to it herself that she is not a mother woman (About Charlotte Gilman). Gilman eventually go on and remarried in June 1900. Ednas aspirations of marrying Robert could have possibly come true. With this possibility in mind, suici... ...escaping. What made matters worse was that Edna found a real caramel that would not accept being known as the man who take Mr. Pontelliers wife. Edna was obviously placed in situation where she was left with all but one choice. Works CitedAbout Mary Cassatt. 1999. http//www.boston.com/mfa/cassat/aboutmc.htm (4 April 2000). About the condition Charlotte Perkins Gilman. 1998. http//www.Trenton.edu/verasteg/aboutcp.htm. (20 butt against 2000). Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. 1892. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. Louisiana Civil Law Differences Fading oer Time. 1999. http//www.theadvocate.com/help/welcome/laws.asp (18 March 2000). The Womans Rights Movement. 1999. http//www.lyno.com.edu/tlkinnon/Womens%Rights.htm (3, March 2000). Wyatt, Neal. Times of Kate Chopin. 1995. http//www.vcu.edu/engweb/eng384/kate.htm (21 March 2000).

Orwells Perception of the Political Power of Language Essay -- Politi

Orwells Perception of the policy-making Power of LanguageAs an author, George Orwell is concerned with the modern engage and misuse of the English linguistic communication. He notes the recognized ability of language to distort truth and deceive masses in his essay Politics and the English Language, and attempts to alert the public of this index number in his novel Nineteen-Eighty-Four . Depicting dystopia of a totalitarian system at a complete extreme, Orwellls novel is essentially about(predicate) psychological dictation of the public. In the creation of Newspeak, Orwell portrays the effects of recurring abuse of language by government, and demonstrates how language tin can be utilize politically to manipulate minds on a monumental scale, eventually birthing a society in which people obey the government unquestionably. As argued in his essay and actualized in the novel, language acts as an instrument of mind-control, with the goal of perpetual elimination of private consc iousness and maintenance of a totalitarian regime.Orwells essay begins with the understanding that the lay political chaos is connected with the decay of language. In evaluating trends in current language, such as the use of pretentious diction and meaningless words, he argues that an individual morphs into a type of human machine , only regurgitating information without involving any of his or her own thoughts. As Orwell says in the essay, Political language . . . is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to show an appearance of solidity to pure wind . In Nineteen-Eighty-Four, this phenomenon is depicted in the development of Newspeak. Developed chiefly to restrict the range of ones thought and concentrate memory, Newspeak is an ideal language for a totali... ...mps this is called elimination of unreliable elements . Thus the use of Newspeak in Oceania similarly serves to uphold political obedience. As the Inner party has the ability to alter the s tructure of language in Nineteen-Eighty-Four, it makes the conception of nonconforming and rebellious thought impossible, thus eliminating any questioning of the Partys absolute power. two Orwells novel and essay carry a grave warning about the political powers of language. He uses his media to demonstrate not only how language can cloak truth, but also how language can be used as an ultimate tool for maintenance of totalitarian regimes. While language is usually thought to extend cultural considerations and improve ones understanding of the world, Orwells plant illustrate how it can, when used in a vicious political way, baffle an instrument against human consciousness.

The History Of Arts And Crafts Essay -- essays research papers

The distinction between Craft and Design suffer be at times problematic explain what you understand these harm to mean, and illustrate their application in relationship to the work of unmatched practitioner.The comment for craft is, the making of enhancive or functional objects, generally by hand. Hand and power tools may be function, however, in making approximately craft items. The term crafts also refers to the objects made. The function of crafts is generally concerned with crafts as creative hobbies, practiced primarily in the home with a tokenish of specialized equipment. Crafts as so defined, have certain functions. In a world that is becoming increasingly mechanized and standardized, they give people the fortune to work with their hands and to express their individuality. Crafts also argon often used in occupational therapy for example, a patient might be taught a craft to develop weakened muscles or to help in gaining use of an artificial limb. An emotionally distu rbed person might be taught a craft that would serve as an outlet for feelings. Craftwork also provides the disabled with purposive activity that diverts attention from their handicaps. Many hobbyists find themselves going into business. A craftsperson who perchance has at first sold craft items only to friends or at local bazaars may find that increased demand leads to a wider occupation and sales by mail order, at crafts fairs, or through a shop. There is a fine line of distinction between crafts produced by amateur hobbyists for their personal satisfaction and crafts that in the hands of gifted artisans improvement or can be considered art forms, generally made with a view toward the use and enjoyment of others. The difference between hobby-produced crafts and formal decorative art objects lies in the degree of innovation in form and proficiency and in the intention of the artisan. Crafts can be grouped by proficiency or medium. Under the headings that follow are brief descri ptions of some of those crafts close popular with hobbyists today, with indications of the degree of skill and basic equipment required.The type of craft that I will be studying is known as handicraft. Strictly speaking, handicrafts are occupations that involve making usable or decorative products by hand. in front the industrial Revolution all such products were handmade, often in the home. The while of... ...anization and mass production. It had its basis in the ideas of Pugin and Ruskin, the most influential of the writers who deplored the effects of industrialization, notwithstanding it was left to William Morris to translate their ideas into practical activity. His hand-made products (books, furniture, textiles, wall-paper, and so on) were successful aesthetically, but his holy person of producing art for the masses failed. Nevertheless, he influenced craftsmen, teachers, and propagandists (such as C. R. Ashbee, who founded the Guild of Handicraft in 1888), and in the ear ly years of the 20th century the ideals of the Arts and Crafts act spread abroad, notably to Germany, Austria, the Low Countries, and Scandinavia, where the Danish silver designer George Jensen was one of the key figures. After World War I the movement was transform by the acceptance of modern industrial methods, but it has had an enduring legacy on 20th-century design.AcknowledgementsCNN, Arts Report 1987 summaryBritannia, Oxford, and Comptons Interactive EncyclopaediasThe restrain of Art Design The Modern Arts MovementWWW.Encarta.ComThe Essential William MorrisThe Industrial Design Guide 1992Crafts and Designs Today

Review Of Wwf Wrestling :: essays research papers

WWF A Review of pro WrestlingBang Fireworks as if it were the fourth of July. Thousands of people in an field of view and billions watching around the world anxiously awaiting the arrival of their favorite superstar. dead the crowd erupts as a man comes strutting down to the squared circle. attended by a beautiful busty young woman, the wrestler is cheered by his loyal fans and booed by his enemies. Soon , another man enters the stadium the homogeneous way as the first man. The two men stip into the ring with a certain sense of cockiness about themselves. Before the referee gage even tell everyone that the stir has started, the two men are already battling in the &8220squared circle. During the fight there are many suspensive moments. Brut everyy beating each other for five minutes the match is finally over with some bloodshed. Today people are winning wwf captain wrestling to the extreme. WWF wrestling is one of the most watched shows on telecasting today. WWF stands for the World Wrestling Federation. Wrestling started sometime it the mid to late sixties and has changed dramatically over the years. When wrestling first came to be the wrestlers weren&8217t standardized they were today. Back in the olden days of WWF wrestling, the storyline of wrestling wasn&8217t as vulgar, and the industry was not as wide spread end-to-end the world. Today the whole industry of the WWF is benefitting from merchandise being sold all over the globe. Even though many people may reach wrestling to be fake, know that some aspects are very real. there have been some instances where people have gotten hurt and even died from a stunt gone bad. There was an instance about half a year ago when a professional wrestler named Owen Hart was skanky from the rafters on a cable and the piece that was attached to his harness snapped and he plummeted 40 feet broke his neck and died. This was a tragic loss to every wrestler and to the whole WWF world. If this isn&8217t real you wouldn&8217t know what was. some other example of reality is when Stone Cold Steve Austin was being suplexed (a professional wrestling move when your opponent lifts you in the air and slams you into the mat), his opponent get Austin wrong on the mat. This resulted in a career death surgery for Steve Austin. One thing that wrestling has done over the past couple of years is raised media uproar pertaining to violence at piazza between children.

Kirtrines Basement :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

Kirtrines cellar babe Lopez? I looked down the winding staircase into the murky depths of my neighbors unsmooth basement. sister Lopez, can I talk to you?The only sound was the crocked hum of the sewing machine, so I quietly took the stairs twain at a time. I was twelve years old--polite and refined, but non overly patient. My mother, a wonderful but slightly overzealous Mormon Relief Society president, had sent me with a Homemaking invitation to give to the ever-elusive, inactive Sister Lopez.Sister Lopez was rallyting at a large table, feeding weather sheet into a huge sewing machine. The only light in the populate was the leftover sun that managed to squeeze through the window well. It illuminated her hairsbreadth which fell to her shoulders like blackberry satin. I watched her look up at me with only mild curiosity. Hello.Hello... I wanted to give you this.Thanks. Why dont you sit down? Her face was so flawless, so unreal. She looked like a cleaning woman in one of my mothers catalogues--Lands End, maybe, or J Crew. I took a fold up chair from its resting place on a cement wall. How are you, Sister Lopez? I asked. It was all I had ever been taught to ask an adult. Sister Lopez jested the to the highest degree sincere laugh I had ever heard. I suppose it was the laugh of a jubilant woman, but at the time I wasnt old(prenominal) enough with laughter to tell. Call me Kirtrine.Kirtrine. I liked the way the playscript sounded on my lips.And the real question is, she continued, how are you?To say the least I was startled. Me? Im fine. As if some(prenominal)one needed to ask how I was it was perfectly apparent to any semi-competent onlooker. I was almost thirteen, with matted brown hair, awkward, angular glasses, and an uncomfortable pack gain where hips should have been. A pubescent nightmare, I had acne like the ahead picture on a skin care infomercial and curve teeth, surely the envy of every jack o lantern. How was I? I was a mess.Tell me a bout school, she prodded, though it sounded like anything but prodding.Any clever guys?I sat there, on a cold, hard folding chair, meet by bolts of colorful cloth. I opened up like I never had before in that room I cried with the ice glowering chiffon, I laughed with the tomato red flannel. I was as pristine as crisp white linen I was as sophisticated as black velvet.

Grendel and the Importance of Human Values :: Grendel Essays

Grendel and the Importance of Human Values In Grendel, by John Gardner, there is considerable disquietude, but there are also moments of pleasure as well. The cause of these contrasting feelings is near often Grendel himself. As he changes from a purposeful and almost kind creature to a very heavy-handed monster that scorns hope, we find ourselves feeling both pleased and upset at different times. In this element, though, lies a much greater purpose than alone good literature - it helps the reader understand the importance of human values. amusement in the book seeds mainly in realizing how much Grendel acts like a human, and how much much rational he is than one would expect for a cruel monster. After seeing the deer in the beginning of the novel, Grendel points extinct why he kills cows instead of deer they have much meat and are easier to catch. Although its not necessarily a pleasant thought, its approximately comforting to know that Grendel appears to kill fo r the practical benefits (food) and not simply for the saki of killing. This is no worse than we might do. He seems especi every(prenominal)y human-like when he listens to the Shapers song. Crying, he says that he was filled with sorrow and tenderness (44) and that he was torn unconnected by poetry (44). Another moment of pleasure comes as he is talking to the dragon and expresses a sort of hope and purpose. In defend his resolve not to scare humans so much bonnie for fun, Grendel says, Why shouldnt one change ones ways, improve ones character? (72). In all the dragons insistence that everything is worth nothing, Grendel refuses to believe him. He even says, Nevertheless, something will come of all this (74). His hope makes the readers think all the better of him. Even if, at first, Grendel seems almost kind, and the reader is pleased with his character, he soon becomes more and more evil, and his actions bring about a feeling of uneasiness, to say the least. Before, the killing of community for no apparent reason disgusted Grendel. However, when he brings Unferth home, he kills the twain guards so I wouldnt be misunderstood (90). Later, in probably the most disturbing scene of the book, we see how meaningless killing has become to Grendel. He brutally attacks the queen and is determined to kill her.

Chinas Rise Essays -- Chinese History, Mao

mainland china wares last dynasty ended one hundred days ago, and the last great dynasty ended one thousand years ago. (Dharmananda)Nonetheless, chinaware is rising out of the ashes in modern times. chinaware became a communistic nation in nineteen hundred and forty nine. (Woods, 2009) With the help of the U.S.S.R., china made multiple nuclear weapons in the nineteen fifties. This sparked the start of chinawares military modernization and their reemergence to the transnational community. chinawares international policy is to drive world peace. They hope to do so by staying neutral and only defending their interests, and not instigating. The only contradiction in chinawares policy is that it interferes with Tibet and Taiwan. If Taiwan ever tries declaring independence, China allow declare war on them and it just so happens the unite States is an helper of Taiwan. The global superpower of today is the United States of America. (Vale, 2010) The United States has the stron gest military crowd in the world, with the most funding of any rural area by one thousand millions of dollars. The United States is also Chinas routine one trading partner, so if China were to oppose the United States, Chinas economy would crumble. Chinas rise is not a curse to global security.Pre-communist China was a nation in turmoil. In the nineteen forties the country was in a civil war, between the Nationalists and commies. Chinas economy was in shambles. The weapons that the Communists use were primarily from the U.S.S.R. and the Nationalists used weapons from the U.S.A. (Global Security, 2005) When the Communists won the war, the U.S.S.R. continued to support the Communist regime of China. In the nineteen fifties China began their nuclear weapons program, building multiple nuclear bombs... ...ates they would lose their number one trading partner by almost $70 billion dollars. (Prasad & Gu, 2009)The loss of the United States would devastate the Chinese economy. China at this auspicate in time isnt ready to oppose the United States.Chinas rise is not a threat to global security. They promote peace and international development. Their international policy is not a threat to global security. The only issue they have is if Taiwan ever declares independence. If China declares war on Taiwan then the United States would declare war on China. Global security relies on the United States for their military force. If China were to oppose the United States they would lose. Since China depends on United States for trade they wouldnt go to war against them. Global security is not threatened by Chinas rise because China and the United States depend on each other.

Impact of the Great Depression on the Characters in Tillie Olsen’s nove

Impact of the large economic crisis on the Characters in Tillie Olsens novel Yonnondio From the Thirties The corking Depression of the 1930s, which has been called the invisible scar, the absent presence, continues to impact American culture (Rabinowitz 17). The waste effect of failed businesses, the dust bowl, farm foreclosures, and an unemployment rate of 30 percent reminds us that capitalism is fallible. Although we recall with humility this bleak period of our history, we seldom consider on the plight of the Depressions most vulnerable victims--the underpaid, innumerate working poor. In Yonnondio From the Thirties, Tillie Olsen gives readers a searing personal account of a family fight to escape, or at least manage, abject poverty. Their journey from a Wyoming tap town to a farm in South Dakota to a massacre in Omaha presents one disaster after another for the Holbrook family. Because of this cycle, they represent thousands of unnamed heroes who struggled to surviv e and principal(prenominal)tain a family unit during difficult times. Although the novel depicts the familys struggle as a unit, three members emerge as the main characters. Trapped by lack of opportunity and a faltering self-image, Jim Holbrook plant under subhuman conditions to provide for his family. His struggle demonstrates how patriarchal culture oppresses twain men and women into ascribed roles based on impossible ideals. Anna, his wife, holds the family together with the meager resources brought in by her husband, who devalues her role because she is a woman and earns no money. As a result of this oppression, she grapples with her own identity, as motherhood and domestic responsibility countersink her opportunities for personal fulfillment an... ...ieb, Annie. A Writers Sounds and Silences. The New York times Book Review31 March 1974 5.Faulkner, Mara. Protest and Possibility in the Writings of Tillie Olsen. CharlottesvilleUniversity of Virginia, 1993.James, El izabeth. Written, They Reappear Rereading Yonnondio. Frontiers 18.3 (1997)141-45.Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl. Class-ifying Escape Tillie Olsens Yonnondio. Studies In Contemporary assembly 41.3 (2000) 263.Orr, Elaine. On the Side of the Mother Yonnondio and Call It Sleep. Studies in American fabrication 21.2 (1993) 209-15.Rabinowitz, Paula. Labor and Desire Womens Revolutionary Fiction in Depression America. Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1991.Tyson, Lois. Feminist Criticism. Critical Theory right away A User Friendly Guide. New York Garland Publishing, 1999. 117-152.